Banning of Books

Written stories have been around for a long time. For as long as humans have walked the earth they have been capturing their lives in pictures, symbols and words. Some stories were saved on cave walls and some on leaves but eventually stories started to be composed on paper and saved in books. As soon as books started to be published they were critiqued and some were eventually banned. Books have been banned for several different reasons such as containing inappropriate language, racism, or demonic themes. Some people are in favor of banning books and some people are against it.Although some feel it is appropriate to ban books containing inappropriate material for certain age groups books should not be able to be banned because reading increases awareness and literacy, it is against freedom of speech, and reading is a more educational source of entertainment than television. Some books are banned because they have been deemed age inappropriate. Certain people feel banning these types books protects young readers from being exposed to inappropriate elements such as foul language, suggestive themes, or drugs. That is why schools ban books.Young children do not need to be exposed to these things. Children grow up fast enough and books with inappropriate materials only speeds up the process of them losing their innocence. Despite the potential for inappropriate language, written text provides a great source of entertainment for readers. Nowadays the most common source of entertainment is television. This relatively new technology has rapidly spread in popularity. Television provides viewers a visual story experience in many different forms such as drama, comedy, action, or adventure. These types of stories can be experienced through reading, as well.But, reading requires people to use more of their imagination as they interpret the story. This is why many feel reading is more educational than watching television. However, if a book gets banned readers will not be a ble to exercise their imagination, learn its lessons, and enjoy its story. Also, banning books will contribute to a decrease in the popularity of reading and therefore increase the popularity of watching television. All books should be available to people so they have access to a better form of entertainment. Banning books also restricts education.If a book is banned then teachers in schools around the country cannot teach the valuable morals the book has to offer. This greatly inhibits students' education. Reading also helps people become more aware of the world around them. This is important because if children cannot read a book because it is banned then they may not learn about important events that have occurred in the world. Children need to be aware because they are the future leaders of the world. Along with increased awareness, reading increases literacy as it exposes people to a wider portion of their language.So, banning books only hinders the education of children, stude nts, and others who could have possibly read their stories. Finally, one inalienable right all citizens of the United States have is freedom of speech. The first amendment of the Constitution says â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This grants everyone the right to say, draw, or write anything they desire. This means that authors can write about any topic they choose. If an author's book is banned it contradicts their Constitutional rights. This is technically illegal. The banning of books can be harmful to education and decreases options for entertainment. Additionally, it goes against the Constitutional right of freedom of speech. Banning books also decreases the ability of people to read and increase their awareness of different events aro und the world and can negatively impact literacy.Unlike television, books exercise the readers’ imagination as they provide entertainment, they teach important lessons, and they are far more educational. Although some feel it is appropriate to ban books containing inappropriate material for certain age groups books should not be able to be banned because reading increases awareness and literacy, it is against freedom of speech, and reading is a more educational source of entertainment than television.

Something Precious

I have earned recently that sometimes we lose something to gain something. I have experienced a hurt that was so deep that it was my belief that it would never end. I recently was blessed to have a brand new grandchild a girl. This little girl could not have come at a better time in my life. Brianna Scott was born on November 30. 2010 at 8:14 pm. This could not have been better timing. Three years ago one of my grandsons’s hung himself and now lives in a vegetative state. I lost all joy around the holidays, because this little boy always wanted to be with me during the holidays. I lost the holiday spirit after this tragedy happened I found myself in a deep depression state. There was days when I did not want to do anything but cry. I prayed to no end for a miracle to happen. I finally had to accept that here would be no miracle this time. I experienced so many different emotions on a daily basis and for the life of me I could not get a grip on any of my emotions. I begin to question whether or not I could have done something to prevent this tragedy. It took intense therapy to find my way out of this hole. There was nothing I could have done to prevent this tragedy. I was simply co-existing prior to Brianna being born. This little girl has no idea what her birth has brought into my life. I feel as if God has given me a new joy and a fresh breath into my life. I look at this little girl and my heart smiles again. When I talk to Brianna and tell her I love her she looks at me and smiles. I know that Brianna is only six weeks old but I truly believe she understands me when I tell her that I love her. I sometimes catch myself wondering if my grandson would be jealous of her. I believe that I knew this little boy better than his own parents. He would not have been jealous but instead embraced her. Chances are I would have had to ask him to move over and let me have some time with Brianna. I do indeed believe that Brianna is something precious sent to me by God to ease the pain that I have been forced to live with. If you could see this little girl you too would believe that she understands when you tell her that you love her. I always tell her how precious she is and that she has brought unspeakable joy to my life. I wish that I could put into words how much this little girl has done for me emotionally. I have joy once again and believe it or not I actually celebrated the holidays. I did not have a sad moment for a change and took the time to thank God for such a precious gift. This is the gift that keeps on giving. If someone had told me that when this little girl was born the pain I was enduring would ease up I would have called them a lie. I now can live with the pain and my heart doesn’t ache as much as it did prior to Brianna’s birth. I can get threw the day now without crying and feeling so empty. I look forward to keeping this bundle of joy now. Even though she has her day’s mixed up with her nights I would not change a thing about her. After all Brianna truly is something precious to my whole family.

Reflection for “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings”

Reflection for â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† Abstract This essay consists of three sections. The first section, a brief synopsis of the book â€Å"I know why caged bird sings† is presented. At the second part, three insights after reading the book are introduced. That is, metaphor of caged bird, power of literacy, and power of silence. At the last section, discipline-specific knowledge that relevant to the main character of book is stated. Synopsis of the Text This autobiography is Maya Angelou’s coming of age story, and follows Marguerite’s (called â€Å"My’ or â€Å"Maya† by her brother) life from the age of three to seventeen.In this story, Angelou as the storyteller, tells the audience about her experiences as an African American girl living in the Southern United States and her struggles with racism and being raped at eight years old. The book reveals the process of how she overcomes these difficulties and transforms into a sel f-possessed, dignified young woman, capable of responding to prejudice. Her maturity is mainly gained by her grandmother, Momma, the power of literacy, and the love around her. The book starts with Marguerite at three years old.At three, she was sent to Stamps, Arkansas, with her older brother Bailey to live with her grandmother and crippled uncle. Momma owns a merchandise store in the Stamps, and her store is a center of the African American community. Church, school, and the store are main places that little Maya and her brother live around. They are acquainted with African American life in Stamps which is hopeful in the morning before they go to cut the cotton, then turns dissatisfied and disappointed in the evening when they return from the cotton field.  Read also Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  (PTSD).Stamps is a place where the black world and white world is clearly distinctive. Segregation makes them feel fear and hatred towards the white people in Stamps. Maya and her b rother’s relatively peaceful lives are disturbed by their father’s appearance at Stamps. He takes them to St. Louis, Missouri, to live with their mother. Later, Maya was raped by her mother’s boyfriend. After her mother’s boyfriend’s death, Maya misconceives that her words lead him to his death, and then she refuses to speak.This make her mother feel helplessness, therefore she decides to send her children to Stamps again. In Stamps, Maya meets Mrs. Bertha Flowers, who supplies her with books to encourage her love of reading and helps her to break through her shell. Later, Momma decides to send her grandchildren to their mother in San Francisco, California, to protect them from the dangers of racism in Stamps. Before Maya graduates, she becomes first African American female streetcar conductor in San Francisco.During her final year of high school, she worries that she might be a lesbian and initiates sexual intercourse with a teenage boy. Later, sh e finds out that she is pregnant. Maya gives birth at the end of the book and begins her journey to adulthood by accepting her role as a mother. Insights You Obtained from Reading this Text Metaphor of Caged Bird In this text, the cage is used to imply many things. In young Maya’s eyes, being black is like living in a cage; she always imagines she could escape from her black skin.In addition, her uncle’s handicapped body is his own cage. African American laborers in the Stamps cotton field are also being caged, because they are repeatedly doing the same labor work day after day, but their life does not seem to change. It is still very tough; they are like the caged bird cannot go anywhere. When the â€Å"powhitetrash† girls ridicule Momma, Maya looks through the window and watches the whole process of Momma being ridiculed by these girls. She was angry and wanted to yell at them but she could not, like the caged bird.From reading this text, I could know the seve rer victimization from racism and the impacts of segregation on African American person’s life at that time. When Maya firstly comes across the white community in Stamps, she feels fear and perceives the white people there are un-human. Segregation produces misunderstanding between the two groups and escalates the conflict. Power of Literacy Maya is scared about the power of words after the death of Mr. Freeman, and refuses to speak. After she goes back to Stamps, Maya met Mrs. Flower, who encourages her reading of books.Books become a refuge in her bewildering childhood. Maya finds characters of a book to make sense of her bewildering world. She even uses books as a way of coping with her rape. From the literacy, Maya gets comfort; literacy expands her thought and enables her to think independently without considering the unwritten rules of society at that time. Literacy also enhances Maya’s ability of thinking; it lets her have better understanding of herself, elabor ates her thought, and makes her become a stronger person. In addition, literacy inspires her to think what true human dignity is.It is very lucky for Maya to find a way to coping, as McPherson says, â€Å"if there is one stable element in Angelou’s youth it is a dependence upon books. † (McPherson, 1990, pp. 215). I wonder what the most dignified characteristic of a human being is. The answer I found from this book is not the color of skin, socioeconomic status, or power; it is the self-determined ability to not allows others to decide the value of themselves, because everyone is equally dignified. Power of Silence Maya’s grandmother is a quite successful African American woman in the African American community in Stamps.However, Momma and Momma’s family frequently suffered from racist attacks. On one occasion, Momma is taunted by â€Å"powhithetrash† girls. Maya sees Momma through the window coping with ignorance while being dignified. When these girls go to leave, Momma says to them â€Å"Bye, Miz†. After seeing how Momma fights with racism, Maya realizes racism can be fought without impudence, but instead with dignity. On the another occasion, Momma hides Uncle Willies in a vegetable bin to protect him from Ku Klux Klan raiders, because at that time, it was hard for a black man get protection from the police.Momma chooses very realistic ways to protect her family and shows to little Maya what truth dignity is. Discipline-Specific Knowledge that You Think is Relevant to this Main Character If Maya is a client, what should a practitioner do with Maya? At first, the counselor needs to decide the time that Maya come to see him or her. Maya has come to see the counselor after she has been raped. As described in the book, after this incident, Maya refused to speak and closed herself to the outside world. Therefore, it can be assumed that this period is the first crisis in Maya’s life.At the beginning of the counsel ing session, establishing a good relationship is very important. Sexual abuse involves betrayal of the child’s trust. The effect of such behavior makes a child who survives sexual abuse feel that it is difficult for them to trust others. Therefore, the counselor needs to make a tremendous effort to build a good rapport with Maya. We can utilize the things that Maya likes in the beginning of the session. As known from the text, Mrs. Bertha Flowers introduces books to Maya and encourage her love of reading books.Therefore, we can talk about characters or authors of books, or whatever can bring her interest. After establishing a good relationship with Maya and making sure that she is ready to talk, the counselor will do assessment. Through talking with Maya, the counselor can comprehend Maya’s feelings, her coping behaviors, her perceptions about the incident, her developmental tasks, and her ecosystem. At the end of the assessment, two main issues might emerge. That is, trauma from sexual abuse and racism-related issues, including obsession with race and an identity issue.It is said that counselors are ethically and legally mandated to report suspicions of child sexual abuse to authorities (Miller, Dove, & Miller, 2007). Therefore, documenting and reporting the suspected sexual abuse of Maya is the counselor’s first job. In the specific counseling session, the counselor needs to consider that treatment issues for child victims of rape typically includes many symptoms. Some of these symptoms include anger, trust issues, social withdrawal, self-blame, emotional dysregulation, dissociation, eating disorders, self-injury, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Budrionis & Jongsma, 2003).Previous research suggests cognitive-behavioral approaches â€Å"reduce the impact† of (child) sexual abuse (Berliner & Elliot, 2002), and are more effective than supportive therapy in promoting improvements in children’s knowledge about body safety sk ills (Deblinger, Stauffer, & Steer, 2001). The counselor could apply cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to identify distorted thinking, like how Maya thought being raped and Mr. Freeman’s death were caused by her; modify beliefs; facilitate relating to others in different ways; and changes Maya’s behaviors associated with her trauma.Next, the counselor needs to deal with the racism-related issues that Maya is experiencing. Cross model of psychological nigrescense (the process of becoming Black)(Cross, 1971, 1991, 1995;Hall & Cross, & Freedle, 1972) indicated that the evolution from the pre-encounter to the internalization stage reflects a movement form psychological dysfunction to psychological health. Evidence from the book supports an assumption that Maya is in her pre-encounter stage, where individuals consciously or unconsciously devalue their own Blackness and concurrently value White values and ways.This can be seen when Maya often imagines that one day she will escapes from her black skin and become a blond and blue-eyed white girl. African Americans at pre-encounter stage evidence self-hate, low self-esteem, and poor mental health (Vandiver. 2001), whereas African Americans with the greatest internalization of racial identity report the highest self –esteem (Pierre & Mahalik, 2005). It seems that accepting who you are and being proud of yourself are fundamental for African American to maintain mental health. However, long journey needs to be gone through in order to make changes.For changing the perception of herself and her perceptions towards African Americans, the counselor could introduce Maya with some movies or books of outstanding African Americans. Facing racism, Neal-Barnette and Crowther (2000) found that parents who focusing on human values and ignoring the role of race more likely generate children’s higher levels of social anxiety, particularly with African American peers. It means, for African Americans, it is crucial for parents actively prevent racism by admitting existence of racism, putting this issue on the table, and guiding their children to confront racism.In Maya’s case, the counselor could refer to Sue and Sue (2007)’s recommendation. That is, the counselor can employ family and community support systems. Specifically, members of the family and other important individuals (brother, Momma, uncle, teacher, etc. ) in Maya’s life could be asked to meet together in Momma’s home, and then all the members could share information about their struggles and search for identity. Sue and Sue (2007) indicated that, use of these techniques, derived from African American experience, can lead to personal empowerment. Reference Angelou, M. (1971).I know why the caged bird sings. New York, United States: Bantam Books. Berliner, L. , & Elliot, D. M. (2002). Sexual abuse of children. In J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, & Ct. T. Hendrix (Eds. ), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (2nd ed). (pp. 55-78). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Budrionis, R. , & Jongsma, A. E. (2003). The Sexual abuse Victim and Sexual Offender Treatment Planner. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Cross, W. E. (1971). The Negro-to-Black conversion experience: Towards a psychology of Black liberation. Black World. 20, 13-27 Cross, W. E. (1991).Shades of Black: Diversity in African American identity. Philadelphia: temple University Press. Cross, W. E. (1995). The psychology of Nigrescence: Revising the Cross model. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander(Eds. ), Handbook of multicultural counseling (PP. 93-122). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Deblinger, E. , Stauffer, L. B. , & Steer, R. A. (2001). Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral group therapies for young children who have been sexually abused and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreatment, 6 (4), 332-343. Hall, W. S. , Cross, W. E. & Freedle, R. (1972). Stages in the development of Black awareness: An exploratory investigation. In R. L. Jones (Ed. ), Black psychology (pp. 156-165). New Yourk: Harper & Row. Neal-Barnett, A. M. , & Crowther, J. H. (2000). To be female, middle class, anxious, and Black. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 129-136 McPherson, Dolly A. (1990). Order out of Chaos: The autobiographical Works of Maya Angelou. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. Miller, K. L. , Dove, M. K. , & Miller, S. M. (2007, October). A counselor’s guide to child sexual abuse: Prevention, reporting and treatment strategies.Paper based on a program presented at the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision Conference, Columbus, OH. Pierre, M. R. , & Mahalik, J. R. (2005). Examining African self-consciousness and Black racial identity as predictors of Black men’s psychological well-being. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 28-40. Sue, D. W. , & Sue, D. (2007). Counseling the Culturally Diverse : Theory an d Practice. (5th Ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Vandiver, B. J. (2001). Psychological nigrescence revisited: introduction and overview. Journal of Multicultural counseling and Development, 29, 165-173.

Introduction to Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Introduction to Microeconomics - Essay Example Although, the shift in demand can raise the quantity of food at any given prices, due to the present level of food supply, food prices would have to rise to let this ever-increasing food demand ‘make-up’ with the given supply-level. This making-up of food demand with supply describes upward (leftward) movement along the shifted (new ­) demand curve, raising the equilibrium food prices. Thus, equilibrium food quantity and prices are expected to rise, however, due to the upward movement along new demand curve, the increase in price would keep this increased equilibrium quantity lesser than the shift in demand. But what’s worsening the scenario is leftward shift in food supply which main determinants are unfavorable, volatile weather consequences including droughts, freezes, and floods in the main food producing and exporting countries: China, Russia, Australia, and Mexico. These unpleasant weather conditions have badly affected the crops and other productive resou rces, alarming the food production capacity in these countries. Other harmful environmental changes i.e. global warming can further shift the food supply leftward.

International Service Quality Mystery Shopper Essay

International Service Quality Mystery Shopper - Essay Example In short, mystery shopping is a tool that helps companies in understanding where their services stand and helps them to rectify the problems their customers face and improve their services. 1 Mystery shopping was basically developed in the 1940s and 1950s in order to expose the deceitful employees that were working for companies. In the early days, much of it was carried out by private investigators and many had no idea about what the term actually meant. With the passage of time, many of the companies realized that the information revealed with the help of mystery shopping services was far more authentic and important in helping to improve their business. Also, the information revealed about customer care service issues, safety and environment were also considered important and service providing companies realized that the information about the operations was far more important than any other data (Ilisha, 2004). The most common places where mystery shopping techniques are applied are the services industry, such as movie theatres, restaurants, banks, fast food chains, health clubs etc where much emphasis is paid on the service quality and their customer base and reputation is dependent on it. Therefore, the management of these companies make sure they have sound methods and techniques to gauge their services in a non-biased way in order to correct any faults.2 HOW IT WORKS A mystery shopper first has to register himself/herself to an organization specialized to conduct mystery shopping. There is a Mystery Shopping Providers Association with which companies are registered and provide mystery shopping services to the people. The mystery shopper once registered, is given an assignment, specific to the area in which he or she is living and a number of topics on which he or she has to undertake the assignment. Most of the dealings between the company and the mystery shopper are done online which reduces the hassle of paper work for the mystery shopper and it is a source of easy money for many. MYSTERY SHOPPING AND MARKET RESEARCH Mystery shopping is considered as a tool of market research as it helps to understand the market a company is catering too. However, it is different from market research on many accounts. Mystery research is more associated to operations research. Mystery research is more of an operational research that provides feedback on quality control, training and inducement purposes. These shoppers are specially recruited in such a way that their demographics and social profile is similar to the target market of the organization. Mystery shoppers also visit certain areas and on certain times, it cannot predict every customer's opinion and experience of the service (Mystery-Shoppers.co.uk, 2008). Also, customer satisfaction cannot be gauged because a mystery shopper is just a job that the shopper is doing and customer satisfaction relates to the subjective idea of a real customer's thinking. Therefore, mystery shopping should just not be used to gauge customer satisfaction. Mystery shopping provides us with a unique feedback of the customer and the people who are the mystery shoppers exactly know what they have to evaluate and the front line workers who are being evaluated have no idea about it. However, ethical

Global Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Nursing - Research Paper Example   Ã‚   In an attempt to explain global nursing, Sister Roy gives metatheory and philosophical perspectives. Several discussions were held on the nature of the knowledge applied or required of a nurse. Issues such epistemology and the nature of both the person and nursing were debated upon and Roy realized that the major developments undertaken by the nurses were not captured in the journals and thus major issues affecting the nurses were not attended to (Roy & Jones, 2007).   Sister Roy states that knowledge has been reflected as covering a larger part of the human the health relation between humans and environmental from the beginning of the century as it is stated in the concepts explained in theoretical nursing (Roy & Jones, 2007). The need that nursing should be understood in the perspective of the practice of the nature of nursing took root in the 20th century. Since 1970 there have been several approaches that are influencing the development of nursing knowledge. Several au thors and theoreticians have done several other publications regarding the various developments of knowledge in the field of nursing (Meleis, 2011).  Ã‚  A global definition of the position of nursing paradigm is given by sister Roy. This tends to address the knowledge that is supposed to be known in the nursing field. Paradigmatic refers to the nursing literature. Several other theorists were arguing about the risks incurred by emphasizing the same approach. Paradigmatic resulted to distinguishing several sectors of knowledge required by nurses.

Personal cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal cultures - Essay Example In this regard, I utilize the utilitarianism concept. The framework states that I should take the interest of the patients first. In addition, the most framework asserts that the most ethical decisions are the ones that have maximum benefit to the patients. Thus, where professional ethics is a hindrance to effective care, personal ethics should be used. I was raised in a compassionate community where the life and wellbeing of everybody matters. As a result, I have respect for human health and life. I believe that humans should not suffer when I can give a hand. The culture is deeply embedded in me, and I use it to assist patients to the best of my ability in the nursing field. In addition, personal issues have influenced my ethical behavior. I have witnessed the suffering of friends and relatives as a result of neglect or medical errors. As such I endeavor to consider every aspect of treatment. I am a spiritual person and have been brought up as a Christian. Christianity advocates for compassion to all people. In my position, I am privileged with the power to influence the health outcomes of patients. The religion constantly reminds me that the lives of patients are bestowed upon me, and thus I should play and active role in protecting them. The religious views play an important role when I am faced with ethical dilemmas. The teachings of compassion indicate that human life is precious and should not be influenced by humans. The religion has shaped my ethics in other aspects such as futile treatment and euthanasia. I am bound by spiritual reasoning to ensure that the patients receive due care in both primary and secondary care. As such, it is unethical to take away a life deliberately no matter the circumstance. The belief advises me to stay away from decisions to terminate the life of an individual voluntarily. In this regard, my ethics dictates that I should ensure that patients receive the required care until recovery or

Iraq war Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Iraq war - Research Paper Example For a long time the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a Cold War (1946-1991) as they manifested their rivalry as superpowers economically, politically, militarily. The reasons it was termed as â€Å"Cold War† is because there was nothing like direct military engagement between the two superpowers. The Cold War included continuous bloody proxy wars that were directed to the developing countries of the Global South by the superpowers. The wildly recognized war of Cold War included - the Soviet-Afghan War 1979-1989, here the U.S. forces majorly concentrated â€Å"in the ground† while Soviet forces concentrated â€Å"on the ground.† In the American-Vietnam War 1959-1975, here while the Soviet forces were engaged â€Å"in the background,† the U.S. forces were engaged â€Å"on the ground.† However, in Afghanistan and Vietnam, both the United States and Soviet forces were defeated. Negative effects such as economic hardship, political turm oil, human devastation as well as ideological argument became the subject of discussion within the developing countries of the Global South contrary to the peaceful atmosphere that existed within the countries of the Global North. Like, the aftermath of the American-Vietnam war left 3 to 4 million Vietnamese dead and the same to 1.5 to 2 million Cambodians and Laos as well as many more million of them rendered homeless turning to be refugees, while only 58,000 U.S. soldiers were killed and 300000 were left with wounds. A number approximated to be 700,000 and 1.3 million Afghans were killed in the Soviet-Afghan War and left 4.5 million of them in refugee camps mainly in Iran and Pakistan while only 15,000 Soviet troops were left dead and 37,000 got wounds. Among the strategic goals of Israel when the Cold War was at its peak was to influence the Western powers into forcing the Soviet Union to allow Soviet

Clinical Scenario with Structured Questions Essay

Clinical Scenario with Structured Questions - Essay Example A nurse’s aid who is also a second year nursing student at university saw the client , took his blood pressure which was found to be elevated at 185/112. His heart rate was rapid at 113 beats per minute. The clinical picture indicated that the man was most probably having a heart attack. The student / nurse called an ambulance. As per unit protocol an accident/incident form was filled. Chest pain is a common occurrence with older patients. In the Emergency Department, chest pain needs to be isolated as cardiac or non-cardiac in origin. Physical assessment and proper history taking is very important in identifying the type of chest pain the patient is experiencing. This will also help the health care provider prioritize the plan of care. Proper assessment and history taking through detailed interview could have helped greatly in avoiding errors and reducing incidence reporting. This also indicates that the quality of care is improving. Pain is a very subjective matter. McCaffre y defined pain as whatever the person experiencing pain says it is, existing whenever the person communicates or demonstrates it does (McCaffrey, 1986). Chest pain is one of the most common complaints in emergency departments of hospitals and acute care centers, so common that immediate evaluation and correct diagnosis is very important in the patient’s survival. The situation describes a 44 year old Anglo-Saxon male client presenting with crushing chest pain. History shows long term use of alcohol, obesity, diabetic with insulin infusion, diaphoresis and shortness of breath. The Registered Nurse who first assessed the patient missed critical information such as taking the vital signs of the patient. Vital signs, particularly blood pressure is very important in the assessment of pain. Increased blood pressure usually indicates severe pain (Cox). High blood pressure and tachycardia are symptoms of a heart attack. These symptoms plus the crushing chest pain, diaphoresis and s hortness of breath are warning signs of heart attack and is should be considered a medical emergency. Clinical Governance Clinical governance is a term used by the National Health Service to describe a systematic approach in maintaining high standards of care and aims to continually improve the quality of services delivered in the clinical practice environment. Clinical governance is defined as a framework which helps all clinicians – including nurses – to continuously improve quality and safeguard standards of care (Royal College of Nursing). The role of clinical governance in this situation is to correct any mistakes that the drug and alcohol detoxification unit failed to detect. The purpose of clinical governance is to maintain and improve standards of patient care. In this scenario, it will improve the inadequate partenership between and among health care professionals dealing with the patient. It will also improve delivery of health care in other elements of clini cal governance such as education and training, clinical audit, clinical effectiveness, research and development, openness and risk management. In education and training, the staff of the unit are equipped for drug and alcohol detoxification but they also need to continually update themselves with regards to medical cases in order for them to promptly idnetify life threatening symptoms such as mentioned in

Teaching Demonstration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teaching Demonstration - Essay Example This enhances their acquisition of actual meaning. Each 5x7 card will have a picture on it of the noun or verb (thing or action) that the player will try to communicate to the class. The target word will be under the picture on the card. The forbidden words will be listed on the card with light red lines through them in a X (crossed out). The teacher will ask students for synonyms and related words and write them on the board. Then the teacher will cross out the words with an X to show that these words are â€Å"taboo†. The class will discuss what â€Å"taboo† means. Teacher: This is the target word. (Teacher points to the word Truck.) These crossed out words in red are â€Å"taboo†. You cannot use them. Who can think of other words you can use to get someone to say this word without seeing the picture? Raise your hand and I will call on you. The teacher should carry on demonstrating and maybe using a student or two and helping them until the class becomes very involved. Points can be given to each student who successfully communicates a word. Each student to guess the word becomes the next communicator. The lesson can be timed or limited by the number of cards available. When all of the allotted cards are used or time runs out the student with the most points is the winner. The game can also be played by dividing the students into two teams and alternating players in the same way or simply having each team member take a turn as communicator. This game is fun and easy to prepare. Even the students can make their own cards for the game and each team can contribute a set of cards for the game. Hu (2002) said that traditional teaching methods with grammar and vocabulary drill and practice â€Å"failed to develop an adequate level of communicative competence (i.e. the ability to use the target language for authentic communication)†. With this game two things are accomplished: 1) the students are

The Bloody Chamber Essay Example for Free

The Bloody Chamber Essay The major sense of desperation arises when the heroine enters the bloody chamber in her newly wedded husbands castle. The impact of this moment is powerful because up to now the bride is portrayed as a nave blushing bride. At this point it can be sensed that death awaits her. Once she passes the ill-lit corridor she crosses the boundary into the realm of death, mutilation, blood and horror. The passage leading up to this point has been thoroughly described by Carter. Angela Carter goes as far as to personify the chamber walls, they gleamed as if they were sweating with fright. Initially the narrative begins in an excited garbled state, but as the description becomes detailed it invokes a sense of immediacy. At the height of suspense we are led to the dead corpse with, the dead lips smiled making the situation even more drastic. Carter then strangely begins to describe the surroundings with elegant imagery, yet the skull was still so beautiful, had shapes with sheer planes. As the bride becomes familiar with her surroundings there is a growing sense of tension and when she finally comes face to face with the previous bride she is overwhelmed and is forced to escape the horrors. The imagery used at this point is particularly gruesome and highlights the use of dismal situations by Angela Carter, She was pierced, not by one but by one hundred spikes. Angela Carters use of desperate circumstances transforms the fairy tale conventions beyond its boundaries and into the realm of gothic fantasy. Carter also uses sustained periods of tense feelings to create an atmosphere of pressure fear. Also by adding horrific detail and descriptive references to sexuality the story no longer fits into the classic fairy tale genre. Angela Carter makes good use of narrative, plots, imagery and language to create scenes in horrific detail that helps to capture the readers attention. Angela Carter also uses unpromising situations in The Tigers Bridei to capture the audience. The Tigers Bride is a reworking of beauty and the Beast. Angela Carter tries to engage the reader by using language and imagery; in fact the daughter is not disgusted by the tiger but by his mask. Carter also uses alliteration with the soft sound of s making the description of the beast sound comforting where in reality he is far from it, He must bathe himself in scent, soak his shirt. The heroines reaction to the beastsisituation is pity and she confronts her fear by exposing herself to the beast as well. The actual moment of the tigers nakedness has a powerful impact on beauty. This can be supported by, The annihilating vehemence of his eyes, like twin suns. Beautys response to the beasts naked form is, I felt my breasts ripped apart as if I suffered a marvellous wound. The final transformation occurs when Beauty joins the tiger in his own environment, where the laws of the material world have no meaning. This is a key point where all the disturbed emotions become resolved. This can be proven when beauty says, I, white, shaking, raw approaching him as if offering, in myself, the key to a peaceable kingdom in which his appetite need not be my extinction. Carters use of a desperate situation where the heroine is not a victim but a character that is strong and in control, takes this story away from the traditional convention of fairytales. Also Beautys transformation takes this genre into the realm of fantasy. The strong references to sexuality also go against the conventions of fairy tales. In the climax of the story where the situation seems to become desperate and hopeless, Carter empowers beauty. Consequently beauty is able to control her desires. I believe by doing this Carter can manipulate the structure and rules of the genre. Cartersiuse of desperate situations and emotional instability totally contradicts the fairy Carters use of the above techniques takes apart the readers expectations of this genre, leaving them open minded to almost anything. Ultimately Carter thus keeps the reader interested and intrigued.

The Cold War Essay Example for Free

The Cold War Essay Who was to Blame? Historians have changed their views about who was to blame for the cold war over the years. Soviet Historians: They blamed to the United States. The Traditionalits: They blamed to the USSR for the Cold War and its attempt to impose its ideology on the of the world Until the 1960s, most historians followed the official government line – that the Cold War was the direct result of Stalins aggressive Soviet expansionism. Allocation of blame was simple – the Soviets were to blame! This view of the Cold War has never really gone away, and there have always been people who have seen the Soviet Union as the cause of the confrontation. It is, by far, the most common opinion of people who post on the web. In the following collection, note that all the contributors seem to come either from America or Britain : An extract form Michael Hart’s Book: The 100: A ranking of the most infuencail persons in History which supports the idea of USSR being blamed for the Cold War. The Cold War was caused by the military expansionism of Stalin and his successors. The American response†¦ was basically a defensive reaction. As long as Soviet leaders clung to their dream of imposing Communism on the world, the West had no way (other than surrender) of ending the conflict. When a Soviet leader appeared who was willing to abandon that goal, the seemingly interminable Cold War soon melted away. Summary of Michael Hart’s argument justifying placing Mikhail Gorbachev in his top 100 most influential persons in history. Michael H Hart worked for NASA and is currently a professor of astronomy and physics at a US college. He holds degrees in physics, astronomy, and law and is author of: The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History (1986) The truth of the matter, Andrew insisted, responding to the statement of Dr James Leutze that US intellectual thought places blame for the Cold War equally between the US and the Soviet Union, is that the whole cost and  length of the Cold War rests almost completely with the men who led the Soviet Union to its ultimate implosion. â€Å"The Cold War was caused by the Soviet Union , was sustained by the Soviet Union , and was ended by the Soviet Union when it collapsed,† he said emphatically. â€Å"It was—and is—as simple as that.† Report of a QA session with Christopher Andrew (a Cambridge University don and expert on Cold War espionage) at the first Raleigh International Spy Conference, August 2003 The cold war was caused by the USSR s imperial appetite. US Naval War College Review of Eugene V Rostow, Violent peace and the management of power: dilemmas and choices in US policy (1988) Stalins bad behavior was the primary cause of the Cold War J.R. Nyquist styles himself ‘a WorldNetDaily contributing editor and a renowned expert in geopolitics and international relations. He is the author of Origins of the Fourth World War. The cause of the Cold War was the totalitarian nature of the Communist system itself. Posted by ‘Dangus’ on a webforum called @forumz, 11-06-2002 The Cold War happened because Stalin decided that he could not allow the Russians to be behind the US. He chose confrontation because he could not accept the cosquences of being behind †¦ The US is already supreme,why be provocative and upset it further? Posted by ‘PainRack’ on a webforum called Spacebattles.com, Jun 21st 2001, The Cold War was caused by the attempt of one state to impose its ideology on the rest of the world. That state was not the US , which demilitarized immediately after the war. That ideology was not democracy. Posted by Brian Grassie, United States of America on Thursday, December 12, 2002 The United Nations OnLine is a virtual model United Nations sponsored by a Non-Profit Organization from Texas . The UNOL Lobbying Area is for students from around the world to discuss topics concerning the work of the United Nations. The puppet governments [of Eastern Europe] were a huge source of anxiety for the West and were the main cause of the Cold War, the forty-five year long period of tension between the Soviets and the capitalists. thinkquest.org an international website-building competition, sponsored by the Oracle Education Foundation. The Cold War was caused by America s attempt to cooperate with Russia as a country that had common enemies rather than taking a firm stance against Russia from the beginning. posted by someone who calls himself ishalltriumph, 2004-03-16, on a web-forum called livejournal The Rivisionists: †¢ In 1959 the historian William Apple man Williams was the first to suggest that America was to blame. †¢ The revisionists said that America was engaged in a war to keep the countries open to capitalism and American trade. †¢ Rivisionists said that Truman’s use of atomic bomb without telling Stalin was the cause of the beginning of the Cold War. Canadian Ambassador arguing that The American atomic bomb was the main cause of the Cold War: The atomic bomb did help seed the Cold War. Lets face it, the bomb was not just meant to buckle Japan into surrender, it was also a political statement towards the Soviet Union . A statement of power towards a nation who practiced a political ideology different from America which was unacceptable to the free democractic United States†¦ posted by Michael Hughes, ‘Ambassador from Canada ’, on 11 Dec 2002 on the ONOL webforum The United Nations OnLine is a virtual model United Nations sponsored by a Non-Profit Organization from Texas . The UNOL Lobbying Area is for students from around the world to discuss topics concerning the work of the United Nations. The Pro-revisionists: John Lewis Gaddis first published this idea in 1972.The post-revisionists argues that neither Russai nor America was to blame both the sides wanted to keep the peace after the war..the Cold war was a cause of mutual misunderstanding and the failure to appreciate eachother’s ideas. | |P| |The Cold War was caused by the conflicting interests of the United States and the U.S.S.R., compounded by miscommunication and poor diplomacy. The |o| |differences in the cultures of the American political leaders and their moral and righteous justifications for diplomacy from Soviet leaders communist |s| |expansionist policies led to the unraveling of the new international order nearly established in Roosevelts wartime conferences with Churchill and |t| |Stalin. |-| |Analysis of President Truman’s ideas at a site called Innocents Abroad: Presidents and Foreign Policy |r| | |e| |The Cold War was caused by the social climate and tension in Europe at the end of World War II and by the increasing power struggles between the Soviet |v| |Union [and the United States]. Economic separation between the Soviets and the west also heightened tensions, along with the threat of nuclear war. |i| |A muddled free essay at: netessays.net |s| | |i| |The most important cause of the Cold War was the suspicion and rivalry between Truman and Stalin. |o| |Essay title at: coursework.info |n| | |i| |The Cold War occurred because defensive positions were viewed as aggression, |s| |Oakland School , US, Social Studies department essay title. |t| | |s| |The Cold War was caused by fear, not aggression | | |Statement from IB Standard Level History paper, May 2001 | | | | | | | | |and not forgetting some other, very strange conspiracy theories†¦ | | |   | | |In view of this reviewer†¦ much of the cold war was caused by these NAZI spooks who we hired to watch the Russians and that it was beyond comprehension | | |the number of NAZI officials who we illegally allowed to come here. America has always had a very strong German base and as one T.V. show observed the | | |NAZIS did not loose the war they simply had to relocate. | | |Statement made in a review of a book The Good German by John Acuff, ‘Country Lawyer’, | | |a Christian lawyer who writes reviews of the 3-books-a-week he reads. | | | | | |Its just a coincidence that the Cold War was caused by the Second World War which was caused by the First World War which was caused by a | | |dysfunctional trans-national banking system. | | |Jonathan P. Chance, Imperial Mammonism is Just a Coincidence on a pro-Palestinian site | | | | | | | | | | | After the Collapse of Communism:Post 1991 †¢ Russian historians such as Zabok and Pleshavok have been able to study the Soviet Union’s secret files for the first time. †¢ These files show the Soviet leaders during the cold war were genuinely trying to avoid conflict with the USA.This puts more of the blame on the US. †¢ Modern historians clash the cold war as the clash between capitalism and communism. Timothy White’s overview of the historiography of the cold war Despite the divergence of opinion concerning the origin and nature of the Cold War, there is an increasing consensus that shapes Cold War historiography. While scholars may have been blinded by loyalty and guilt in examining the evidence regarding the origins of the Cold War in the past, increasingly, scholars with greater access to archival evidence on all sides have come to the conclusion that the conflicting and unyielding ideological  ambitions were the source of the complicated and historic tale that was the Cold War. Timothy Whi te, Cold War Historiography: New Evidence Behind Traditional Typographies (2000) This is a difficult but very informative overview on the web of the historiography of the Cold War. Timothy White is on the faculty of Xavier University, Cincinnati, USA.

Lab Report: Diffusion and Osmosis

Lab Report: Diffusion and Osmosis Hypothesis and Prediction: This lab was done to examine and comprehend how diffusion and osmosis works in diverse molarity of sucrose. Also how the solutions permeates through different mediums. Methods: Part A: Diffusion and Osmosis: A 30 cm piece of 2.5 cm dialysis that has been soaked in water was obtained. The beginning of tubing was tied off, forming a bag with an open end that was rubbed between the fingers till separated. 15mL of the 15% glucose and 1% starch solution was placed into the bag and the ending of the dialysis bag was tied off, leaving some space for the development of the content within the dialysis bag. The color of the solution was recorded and was tested for the presence of glucose. Distilled water was poured into a 250 mL beaker (two-thirds of a cup) with about 4mL of Lugols solution (IKI). The color of the sucrose in the beaker was recorded and was tested for glucose. The dialysis bag was then submerged into the beaker of solution and left to stand for about 30 minutes (or until there was a color change in the dialysis bag or beaker).Once the bag was done soaking in the beaker, the final color of the solution in the bag and the beaker was recorded. The liquid in the bag and the beaker was then tested for the existence of glucose. Part B: Osmosis Six strips of 30 cm presoaked dialysis tubing were obtained. For each strip, an end was tied and roughly 25 mL of different solutions (distilled water, 0.2 M sucrose, 0.4 M sucrose, 0.6 M sucrose, 0.8 M sucrose and 1.0 M sucrose) was poured into their individual bags. Most of the remaining air was then removed from each bag by bringing the bag between two fingers and tied off at the opened end. The outside of each bag was then bathed to wash away any sucrose that spilled when filling the bag. The exterior of each bag was then blotted and the initial mass of each bag was weighed and recorded. Distilled water was then filled into six 250 mL beakers. Each bag was then emerged into one of the six filled beaker and the beakers were labeled by which bag of solution was emerged in it. The bags stood in the beaker for half an hour. When the time was up, each bag was removed, blotted and the mass of each bag was recorded. The mass difference was calculated and then using the equation: Percent change in mass = Final Mass – Initial Mass/Initial Mass x 100. The individual and the class average of the percent change in mass were then graphed. Part C: Water Potential 100 mL of the given solution was poured into six different labeled 250 mL beaker. The potato was then sliced into discs that were just about 3 cm thick. A cork borer (about 5 mm in diameter) was then used to cut four potato cylinders for each beaker, a total of 24 potato cores. Until the mass of cores were weighed by fours and recorded, the potato cores were kept in a covered beaker. Four cores were then put into each beaker of sucrose solution. Plastic wrap was then given to cover the beakers, preventing evaporation when left to stand overnight. The next day, the cores were then removed from the beakers and were blotted gently on a paper towel. Their total mass was then determined and recorded. The mass difference was calculated and then using the equation: Percent change in mass = Final Mass – Initial Mass/Initial Mass x 100. The individual and the class average of the percent change in mass were then graphed. Part D: Calculation of Water Potential from Experimental Data Determine the solute, pressure and water potential of the sucrose solution given and answer the questions about the possibility if zucchini cores were used with the sucrose solutions. Results: Part A: Diffusion and Osmosis Table 1.1-Presence of Glucose in Water through a Dialysis Bag Initial Contents Solution Color Presence of Glucose Initial Final Initial Final BAG 15% GLUCOSE and 1% STARCH Clear Clear Yes Yes BEAKER H20 + IKI Yellow (an olive oil color) Clear No Yes Part B: Osmosis Table 1.2: Individual Data of Change in Mass of Six Different Dialysis Bags Contents in Dialysis Bag Initial Mass Final Mass Mass Difference Percent Change in Mass a) distilled water 18.15 g 14.76 g 3.39 g -18.68% b) 0.2 M 19.40 g 17.33 g 2.07 g -10.67% c) 0.4 M 18.87 g 19.37 g -0.5 g 2.65% d) 0.6 M 19.83 g 19.68 g -0.15 g -0.5% e) 0.8 M 21.91 g 20.05 g -0.869 g -8.2% f) 1.0 M 18.78 g 18.07 g -0.71 g -3.7% Table 1.3: Class Data of Percent Change in Mass of Dialysis Bags Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Total Class Average Distilled Water -18.68% -2.2% -7.0% -7.2% -35.1 -8.8% 0.2 M -10.67% -22.3% -5.2% 1.8% -36.4% -9.1% 0.4 M 2.65% 6.2% 2.5% 3.9% 15.3% 3.8% 0.6 M -0.76% -3.8% -4.0% -6.55% -15.2% -3.8% 0.8 M -4.1% -26.3% -1.6% -3.78% -35.95% -8.95% 1.0 M -3.78% -3.27% -8.7% -29.4% -45.2% -11.3% Group 2, 4, 6 and 8 do not have any data for distilled water, 0.2M Sucrose, and 0.4M Sucrose and group 1, 3, 4 and 7 do not have any data for 0.6M Sucrose, 0.8M Sucrose and 1.0M Sucrose because of the lack of time. So, group 1 and 2 were paired up, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, and 7 and 8 to exchange data. Part C: Water Potential Table 1.4: Individual Data of Change in Mass of Potato Cores in Six Different Sucrose Solution Contents in Beaker Initial Mass Final Mass Mass Difference Percent Change in Mass Class Average % Change in Mass a) Distilled Water 2.39g 2.95g 0.56g 23.4% 23.3% b) 0.2M Sucrose 2.41g 2.69g 0.28g 11.6% 8.4% c) 0.4M Sucrose 2.47g 2.38g -0.09g -3.6% -3.7% d) 0.6M Sucrose 2.33g 1.98g -0.35g -15.0% -13.5% e) 0.8M Sucrose 2.46g 2.05g -0.41g -16.7% -19.9% f) 1.0M Sucrose 2.49g 1.95g -0.54g -21.7% -20.8% Table 1.5: Class Data of Percent Change in Mass of Potato Cores in Six Different Sucrose Solution Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Total Class Average Distilled Water 23.4% 18.9% 23.2% 27.5% 93% 23.3% 0.2M 11.6% 6.8% 5.0% 10.1% 33.5% 8.4% 0.4M -3.6% -3.7% -7.0% -0.4% -14.7% -3.7% 0.6M -15.02% -13.5% -11.16% -14.3% -54% -13.5% 0.8M -16.67% -22.5% -20.33% -20.2% -79.7% -19.9% 1.0M -21.69% -24.3% -24.39% -12.9% -83.3% -20.8% Group 2, 4, 6 and 8 do not have any data for distilled water, 0.2M Sucrose, and 0.4M Sucrose and group 1, 3, 4 and 7 do not have any data for 0.6M Sucrose, 0.8M Sucrose and 1.0M Sucrose because of the lack of time. So, group 1 and 2 were paired up, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, and 7 and 8 to exchange data. Part D: Calculation of Water Potential from Experimental Data Analysis: Part A: Diffusion and Osmosis From table 1.1 in this part of the lab, it is seen that IKI is flowing into the bag and glucose is flowing out of the bag. That is because of diffusion and osmosis. Knowing of this process is due to the color transformation of the bag, therefore showing that IKI has penetrated the bag. By testing the beaker for the existence of glucose, it was found that the glucose permeated through the dialysis bag, mixing with the IKI and H2O in the beaker. This is possible because as stated osmosis is a branched off form of diffusion, in which it is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane and glucose is one of the substance that is able to go through. IKI along with glucose is tiny enough to enter and exit the dialysis bag. Part B: Osmosis Both the individual and class data of percent change in mass is shown in graph 1.1. To receive the percent change in mass, the initial mass was subtracted from the final mass. The difference is then divided by the initial mass and 100 is then multiplied to the quotient. The product is then the percent change in mass. Osmosis is present due to the change in mass of the dialysis bag. The mass is different for each bag because of the sucrose in the bags different molarity. That establishes the amount of water that progresses in and out of the bag, which then changes the mass. Part C: Water Potential From testing the potato cores in different sucrose solution, graph 1.2 illustrates that on the best fit line, the molar concentration of sucrose, the sucrose molarity that shows the mass of the potato cores does not change, is 0.4M. So the lower the concentration of the molar concentration of sucrose, the percentage of the potato cores mass increases and anything with a higher concentration of the molar concentration of sucrose the percentage in the potato cores mass decreases. This is all because molecules of any sucrose with a higher concentration of 0.4M are too great to enter or exit into the potato cores. Part D: Calculation of Water Potential from Experimental Data It is given that the solute potential of the sucrose solution is calculated by using ψs= iCRT. ÃŽ ¨s is the solute potential, the variable â€Å"i† represents the ionization constant, variable â€Å"C† signifies the molar concentration, variable â€Å"R† standing for the pressure constant (R= 0.0831 liter bars/mole oK), T is the temperature oK (273+ oC of solution). Since it is the solute potential of sucrose that must be found, â€Å"i† is 1.0, due to the fact that sucrose does not ionize in water. From the information of â€Å"i†, â€Å"C† is determined to be 1.0 mole/liter. So the problem that has 1.0M sugar solution at 22 oC under atmospheric conditions would be answered like this: Since the formula is ψs= iCRT, then when filling in for the variables the equation is now: ÃŽ ¨s= -(1)(1.0mole/liter)(0.0831 liter bar/ mole oK) (273+22) à   ψs =-24.51 bars The water potential can then be figured out by the formula: ψ = ψp + ψs. By being able to solve for the solute potential, the product would then be used to solve for the water potential. And from the knowledge of knowing that the water pressure, ψp, is equal to zero the formula filled out would turn out as: ψ=0 + (-24.51 bars) à   ψ = -24.51 bars From the graph of the percent change in mass of zucchini cores in different sucrose solution at 27 oC after 24 hours it can be concluded that the molar concentration of solute within the zucchini cell is 0.35 moles. From knowing the molar concentration of solute within the zucchini cell, the solute and water potential can be answered. Solute Potential= -1(0.35moles/liter)(0.0831 liter bar/mole oK)(273 +27) à   = -8.73 bars Water Potential= 0 + (-8.73) à   = -8.73 bars This is an important piece of information because by knowing the water potential, it is possible to predict the direction of the flow of water. Water flows from an area of a higher water potential to and area of lower water potential; so if the information of the water potential of the solution in the beaker which the zucchinis were soaked was given, the information of where the water flows would be known. Conclusion: This lab was to understand how diffusion and osmosis worked. The data that was received was consistent at some times. For part A and D of the lab, the results and calculations were consistent, but part B and C showed little consistency. That is because part B and C when comparing the percent change in mass with others, the numbers varied. The difference of the mass was changed, for it maybe misleading, into percentage, there eliminating any size factor and to compare the results. Though when comparing the percents with one another, some of the difference was too great to receive any accurate data. Some possibilities that may have altered the outcome of the results include the ends of the dialysis bags not being tied correctly, the inaccuracy of pouring the solutions, not a thorough cleaning of the outside of the dialysis bag and incorrect calculation and measurements. This lab can be modified to get a more consistent data by wearing gloves when working with the solutions, so when one is done pouring and tying the dialysis bag, gloves can be removed to reduce any chance of the solution being on the outside of the bag. A more accurate and precise measurement of the solution and the tightness and method of tying the ends of the bags can be arranged to be the same. With those alterations to the lab, the chance of a more consistent data is higher. Should Humans Be Blamed For Global Warming? Should Humans Be Blamed For Global Warming? Global warming is the next big impact that will bring about a change in the weather patterns. By definition, Global Warming is the increase in average temperature that gradually warms the Earths atmosphere. It is a phenomenon, which has been on the rise but in the last century, the increase in the levels have been alarming (George Christodoulou, 2006).Global warming has caused a lot of changes to the environment in a negative manner. According to the study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is observed that the increase in global average temperature has been caused due to an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations (Slashman, 2007). Global warming can have many causes, but it is most commonly associated with human interference, specifically the release of excessive amounts of greenhouse gases (EPA, 2006).It is either caused by humans or natural causes. Global warming is no more a myth but a fast approaching reality, which in the long-term will bring the much feared ice age that will wipe out all living organisms on Earth. The latest IPCC report states widespread mass losses from glaciers and reductions in snow cover over recent decades are projected to accelerate throughout the 21st century, reducing water availability, hydropower potential, and changing seasonality of flows in regions supplied by melt water from major mountain ranges (e.g. Hindu-Kush, Himalaya, Andes), where more than one-sixth of the world population currently lives (Geneva, 2010). Global warming has caused a major increase of heat towards the earths atmosphere and it is still affecting us till today due to numerous human activities. Although some people think that global warming happens due to natural factors, it is scientifically proven that humans are responsible for global warming. The purpose of this paper is to point out the irresponsible people causing global warming and not to blame the natural factor for global. There are many scientific and logical factors of global warming that are caused by human activities. The main factor is due to the depletion of ozone layer of the atmosphere which happens in the stratosphere which is 30 miles above the earth. What is the function of the ozone layer? The ozone layer protects the earth from radiating ultraviolet (UV) rays. The ozone is made up from oxygen molecules named triatomic oxygen. The ozone molecules or the triatomic oxygen will absorb the UV rays. Eventually the triatomic oxygen will split into diatomic oxygen and a monoxide. This process is repeated as the monoxide combines with diatomic oxygen to produce ozone molecules back and protects. Thus, this helps to protect UV rays from entering the earths atmosphere. The UV rays will heat up the earth as it penetrates through directly without the shield of ozone layer. Every time 1% of the ozone layer is depleted, 2% more UV-B is able to reach the surface of the planet (Miller, G. Tyler Jr., 1987). The thinning of ozone layer happens due to human activities on the earths surface by burning and releasing harmful gases. As the ozone layer becomes thinner the UV rays will be trapped inside the earths atmosphere, therefore our earth becomes hotter. The shine of UV rays may cause skin cancer. In addition, it also dries up the earth and causes drought. Moreover it is because of the release of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases the ozone layer depletes. Human being use air conditioners to make the hot environment cooler, but what they dont seem to realize is that they are making the atmosphere even hotter. Air conditioners releases CFC gas when it is turned on. Besides that, refrigerators also release CFC gases when the doors are opened. The CFC gas will react with the ozone layer. The triatomic oxygen will be split and the chlorine atom from CFC will combine with the diatomic oxygen gas. This will produce chlorine monoxide. Referring to the statement above, there will be no chance of the oxygen to recombine to form ozone molecules. As a result a hole is created in the ozone layer. Slowly they start infiltrating into the upper layers of the atmosphere and soon reach the ozone rich stratosphere, where they undergo major chemical changes (H. Khemani, 2010). The CFC gas will soon disintegrate and the chlorine atom will react with the ozone molecule and changes to oxygen molecule. As soon as the ozone layer changes to oxygen molecule the ozone layer will be depleted. The most shocking fact about CFCs is that they have exceptionally long atmospheric life which, in certain cases, even extends to 100 years. This means that if CFC refrigerants are leaked in the atmosphere, they will keep depleting the ozone layer for the next 100 years to come (H. Khemani, 2010). There are other materials used by humans that release CFC gas such as chemical sprays and the burning of Styrofoam materials. Furthermore, the increase of carbon dioxide level leads to climatic changes. Humans are the main people to emit green house gasses to the environment. They emit them in a variety of ways. The combustion of fossil fuel by human activities releases green house gases which is carbon dioxide and others. When there is an increase in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air, the amount of heat captured by the carbon dioxide also increases (Bidisha Mukherjee, 2010). As the amount of carbon dioxide level increases in the atmosphere, heat is trapped inside the atmosphere and causes warming of the earth. Moreover, coal-burning of power plants also increases the carbon level in the atmosphere. Burning coal produces about 9 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year which is released to the atmosphere, and about 70% of this is being generated from power plants (World-Nuclear.org, 2011). In addition factories emit more smoke and harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and oxide. These g ases do not only increase the temperature of the environment but causes harm to humans and animals. In addition to that, the burning of gasoline from transportation also contributes to global warming on a large- scale. Burning of gasoline will increase the amount of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a very harmful gas that it can cause death to living organisms on earth. This gas can react with other atoms to be more harmful. For example, it can combine an oxygen atom to produce carbon dioxide. By combining energy is needed and heat is produced. Dusts are also accumulated in the atmosphere which can trap the heat. Smog is another form of cloud of carbon which is also related to accumulation of heat in the atmosphere. Besides that, Brazil and Indonesia, which contain the worlds two largest surviving regions of rain forest, are being stripped at an alarming rate by logging, fires, and land-clearing for agriculture and cattle-grazing (NationalGeographic.com, 2011). Human activities of depleting forest illegally have caused a major climate change to the environment. Men nowadays are selfish and do things on their own for selfish benefits. They want to upgrade the economy of the country with the improvement of technology. The usage of land for development of buildings makes them to cut down forests uncontrolled. Besides, illegal deforestation for exporting logs to other countries for business purpose causes global warming. Trees are needed to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment. By deforestation, the land is barren and exposed. Therefore, the earth will eventually get hotter. Excessive cutting of trees in forests for urban use and other purposes like buildings is detrimental to the environmental balance (Manali Oak ,2011). Another point related to this argument is the role of politicians who carry activities for the nations benefits that politicians play a role in global warming too. Even those politicians who are courageous enough to fight for action on the issue are not telling us the whole truth (Mark Jeantheau, 2004).The government is not responsible for the occurrence of global warming. They do not take any action towards illegal people who cause global warming and are mostly money minded. On their mind they always think of bribery and do not think about the effects of global warming. Public are not aware of this phenomena and take it easy. Government should be blamed for this for not educating the public about the effects of global warming and point out the consequences. So global warming happens due to the irresponsible activities of humans can lead to negative consequences. On the other hand opponent argues more by supporting that carbon dioxide released are not by human activities but natural phenomenon. Carbon dioxide is a natural source from the environment itself. As a natural phenomenon volcanoes rupture and emit carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide to the environment and causes a lot of negative impacts regarding global warming. Water vapors are also released which is the most hazardous gas to humans and the environment. Our studies show that globally, volcanoes on land and under the sea release a total of about 200 million tonnes of CO2 annually (hvo.wr.usgs.gov ,2007 ). Besides volcano eruptions, natural burning of forest or called forest fires release carbon dioxide in a drastic level to the environment. Forest fires happen spontaneously due to overheat and not by people. Sometimes forest fires can be spontaneous due to hot and dry weather (Chandramita Bora,2010).Moreover, forest fires happen when the weather is thundering and storming. The lightning carries high voltage current. As the current hits the trees a small spark created would light up a leaf and spread the fire to the whole forest. There are no ways for fire fighters or other rescue teams to put out the fire due to high temperatures. The carbon level of the environment increases drastically and causes haze also. The heat of the earth goes up tremendously. It can increase the level of greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons), and thereby increase pollution and global warming (Chandramita Bora,2010). The opponent says humans are not the only people who emit carbon dioxide by exhaling them but animals do too. It is wrong to say humans are to be blamed alone for global warming. Humans are not responsible for the increase of the concentration of carbon dioxide on global scale. Furthermore, carbon dioxide does not have a long life time. Instead of pinning an absolute value on the atmospheric lifetime of CO2, the 2007 report describes its gradual dissipation over time, saying, About 50% of a CO2 increase will be removed from the atmosphere within 30 years, and a further 30% will be removed within a few centuries due to the plants and others (Mason Inman, 2008).It is only temporary and if it would be blamed that it is going to affect the future generation which is wrong. In addition to that, a meteorological scientist named William Kininmonth (2004) explains that climatic change occurs due to natural phenomenon and not by human activities. The assumption of a climate system forced primarily by the radiation effects of greenhouse gases is a limited perspective of the complex climate system. (William Kininmonth ,2004). Climate scientists cannot prove that the current warming is not due to natural processes and therefore cannot claim with certainty that the warming is due to human interference. However, the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) disproves global warming by human activities. MWP is a natural phenomenon and the MWP was a time of warm climate in Europe. So, human activities have nothing to do with the global warming, as evident from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). The ice age is not due to global warming as mentioned by scientist. There will be a new prediction of ice age where it is a natural phenomenon not caused by humans that contributes global warming. The supporter refutes the opponents argument by giving explanations that very little carbon dioxide is caused by volcanic rupture. There are no proves that volcanoes emit more carbon dioxide and it is a myth. There have been volcanic eruptions so massive that they covered vast areas in lava more than a kilometre thick and appear to have released enough CO2 to warm the planet after the initial cooling caused by the dust ( Catherine Brahic , 2007). Volcanoes emit carbon dioxide naturally as it a natural cycle of the phenomenon. Furthermore, there are not many volcanoes around the world and it only ruptures after a long period. Besides that, the supporters argue more on the point of forest fires. Forest fires are mainly caused by human activities like clearing and burning for starting plantations to produce cash crops like oil palm , rubber and sugar cane. Throwing of cigarettes by hunters or campers, creating camp fires and picnics causes light ups of fire and would put up fire on the forest. Even though, carbon dioxide has a life-time, it still can contribute heat to the environment for a certain period. Climate changes are due to human activities on a large-scale. Humans burns fossil fuel like coals openly, followed by spraying aerosols which could damage the environment, cement manufacture factories releases smog and artificial harmful gases which changes the climate and causes global warming. As a conclusion of this argument about should humans be blamed for global warming, it can be strongly mentioned that humans are to be blamed mostly. Natural factors do contribute to global warming but it is minimal. In order to prevent global warming from occurring, governments should take more drastic measures on this matter and do awareness campaigns among their countries. As a concluding statement for this topic humans are to be blamed for the cause of global warming. (2282 words)

A Psychological Perspective of The Turn of the Screw Essay -- Henry Ja

A Psychological Perspective of The Turn of the Screw   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry James was one of the famous writers during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He was known as an innovative and independent novelist. One of James' novels, The Turn of the Screw (1898), has caused a lot of controversy among many critics, and each of them has had a particular interpretation. James' creative writing built a close connection between his novel and his readers. The reactions of the readers toward The Turn of the Screw can be researched psychologically by analyzing how James developed his story using questionable incidents, an unreliable narrator, unexpected changes, an interesting prologue, and effective images and words. The influences of James's writing on his readers can be explained clearly from a psychological perspective. Readers have their individual perceptions and experiences which are defined as ego. Sigmund Freud pointed out that under the effects of the external world, the ego starts to react in various forms such as storing, adapting, learning, or fighting against external events (2). The external world includes all the things happening outside human minds such as activities in real life, in movies or in books. When readers react to the behaviors of the Governess and other characters in The The Turn of the Screw, it means their ego responds to the story that is the external world in this case. Since the perception and experiences of each person are different from the other, the reactions to this novel are varied. Moreover, James's story was written in a very sophisticated way, which is likely to lead to complex reactions. Henry James skillfully has his readers integrated into his story. While the readers are reading T... ...Screw. Works Cited Auchincloss, Louis. Reading Henry James. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975. Freud, Sigmund. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969. James, Henry. "The Turn of the Screw". The Turn of the Screw and Other Short Novels. New York: New American Library, 1995. Luckacher, Ned. "'Hanging Fire': The Primal Scene of The Turn of the Screw." Henry James's Daisy Miller, The Turn of the Screw, and Other Tales:. Ed. Horold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publisher, 1987. 117-132. Nunning, Ansgar. "Unreliable Narrator." Encyclopedia of the Novel. Ed. Paul Schellinger. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998. 1386-1388. Wagenknecht, Edward. The Tales of Henry James. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1984. ---. Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Othello: True Love and Self-love Essay -- Othello essays

Othello: True Love and Self-love  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The William Shakespeare tragic play Othello manifests the virtue of love in all its variegated types through the assorted good and bad characters interacting with each other.    H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses the love of the Moor for his beloved even at the time of her murder:    And when he comes to execute justice upon Desdemona, as he thinks, he has subdued his passion so that he is a compound of explosiveness tenderness. Utterly convinced of Desdemona’s guilt and of the necessity of killing her (â€Å"Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men†), he yet loves her:    This sorrow’s heavenly; It strikes where it doth love.(55)    In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley explains that there is both love and self-love in the play (201). Initially the play presents a very distorted type of love. Act 1 Scene 1 shows Roderigo, generous in his gifts to the ancient, questioning Iago’s love for the former, whose concern has been the wooing of Desdemona. Roderigo construes Iago’s love for him as based on the ancient’s hatred for the Moor. Thus the wealthy suitor says accusingly, â€Å"Thou told'st me thou didst hold him in thy hate.† In order to prove his love for Roderigo, Iago asserts in detail the reasons for his hatred of Othello, who has given the lieutenancy to Michael Cassio, a Florentine.    Secondly, Iago shows his love for his wealthy   friend by rousing from sleep Brabantio, the father of Desdemona. Once the senator has been awakened, Iago makes a series of loud, crude, bawdy allegations against both the general and Desdemona. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tr... ...His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.       Othello: True Love and Self-love Essay -- Othello essays Othello: True Love and Self-love  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The William Shakespeare tragic play Othello manifests the virtue of love in all its variegated types through the assorted good and bad characters interacting with each other.    H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses the love of the Moor for his beloved even at the time of her murder:    And when he comes to execute justice upon Desdemona, as he thinks, he has subdued his passion so that he is a compound of explosiveness tenderness. Utterly convinced of Desdemona’s guilt and of the necessity of killing her (â€Å"Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men†), he yet loves her:    This sorrow’s heavenly; It strikes where it doth love.(55)    In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley explains that there is both love and self-love in the play (201). Initially the play presents a very distorted type of love. Act 1 Scene 1 shows Roderigo, generous in his gifts to the ancient, questioning Iago’s love for the former, whose concern has been the wooing of Desdemona. Roderigo construes Iago’s love for him as based on the ancient’s hatred for the Moor. Thus the wealthy suitor says accusingly, â€Å"Thou told'st me thou didst hold him in thy hate.† In order to prove his love for Roderigo, Iago asserts in detail the reasons for his hatred of Othello, who has given the lieutenancy to Michael Cassio, a Florentine.    Secondly, Iago shows his love for his wealthy   friend by rousing from sleep Brabantio, the father of Desdemona. Once the senator has been awakened, Iago makes a series of loud, crude, bawdy allegations against both the general and Desdemona. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tr... ...His Carpet. N.p.: n.p., 1970.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Pitt, Angela. â€Å"Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.      

affirmative action Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction: Affirmative action in higher education should be abolished. College admissions should be based on what the admissions board is looking for, not what the government says should be required. In this paper, I will present evidence to support that position. At one time, affirmative action was a needed and legitimate policy. Segregation has existed way too much in the past and has left people out of jobs, out of certain areas of town, and schooling. We needed to make a law that would get rid of segregation, and help everybody assimilate or just live peacefully without discrimination. When a majority the southern where rebelling and would not allow African Americans in their stores, schools, etc, affirmative action was justifiable. But is it today? Much of the affirmative action debate is, and should be centered on education. Many of the critics whom at one time also believed that the preferential treatment shown to lower the discrimination towards minority groups is something that should be eliminated. Being that American society has become less discriminatory, affirmative action may be less necessary. Discrimination is something that will always be an issue; there will always be backwards individuals who cannot overlook their own prejudices for the greater good. However, there are fewer of these people. With declines in racism, we should also seek to eliminate the reverse racism now being displayed towards college while male applicants. This is an issue that effects potential students, and those who get rejected merely apply to another school. How can this issue of accepting minorities over others because be brought to the attention of the lawmakers without making it seem as if there will be less opportunities for minority groups? Equality is a very sensitive topic that has to be danced around with the potential for a misconception of what is trying to be achieved. In the early 1960's the federal government implemented programs such as the National Defense Student Loan Program (NDSL), work-study programs, and the National Defense Educational Act (NDEA). These programs made it easier for minority groups, especially African Americans, to receive financial help. Equal opportunity grants also helped enroll more minorities, especially blacks. At the time, these ... ... succeeding in the collegiate environment. A fallacy that is prevalent is that minorities score much lower then the white majority. This is not true; there is a small gap, but it is not significant. Yes minorities quite often do have to deal with crowded classrooms, teachers with less advanced degrees, and the lack of counseling recourses that are available for predominantly white, suburban schools. However, is this a reason to give funding to those who lack? America is based on the ideological belief that "you can be whatever you want to be, or, work hard enough and you will achieve your goals." To place this belief in the minds of all youth should be enough. To place this in the minds of all the same youth but then give preferential treatment to the minority class is a blatant display of reverse racism that should be done away with henceforth. References Cited The College Board Review; August 1999, No.188 Leonard Biard-College Student; September 2001 V.35, No. 3 Comparative Educational Review V.47; No.1, February 2003 The College Board Review; No.189/190, January 2000 College and University Journal V.79; No.1, Summer 2003 Educational Theory; Winter 2002,V.52 N.1

Islam world Essay

European countries colonized most of the Islam world in eighteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. They were able to manage the finances and economies of these countries which only catered on their own interests and in their own ways. Banks all over the world have their own system in operating their organization. They set policies to attain their specific objectives and goals. One of these is the Islamic banking. Islamic banking as defined in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia refers to a system of banking or banking activity which is consistent with Islamic law (Sharia) principles and guided by Islamic economics. In Islamic law, it forbids usury, the collection and payment of interest which is usually called as riba in Islamic discourse. In general, the Islamic law forbids trading in financial risk which is seen as a form of gambling. It also forbids investing in businesses that are considered haram such as businesses which involve in alcohol or pork, or businesses which produce un-Islamic media. Numerous of Islamic banking was founded in the late 20th century to cater to this specific banking market. History of Islamic Banking During the time of Prophet Muhammad, the Muslim communities have limited banking activity such as acceptance of deposits. In those days, the Muslims deposited their money with the Prophet or with the First Khalif of Islam whose name is Abu Bakr Sedique. The first Islamic bank was founded in Egypt which was put into under cover without giving any hint of Islamic image for having the fear of being seen as a manifestation of Islamic fundamentalism. In 1963, there was a pioneering effort made by Ahmed El Najjar who took the form of savings bank based on profit-sharing in Egyptian town of Mit Ghamr as an experiment. But the experimentation was ended in 1967 because during those days, there were nine banks in the country which had the same system as his. Principles in Islamic Banking Just like other banking systems, Islamic banking follows same purpose except that it operates in accordance with the rules of Shariah which is known as Figh al-Muamalat (Islamic rules on transactions). The sharing of profit and loss and the prohibition of riba’ which means interest is the basic principle in Islamic banking. There are common Islamic concepts which are used by the Islamic banking and these are the Mudharabah ( profit sharing) , Wadiah (safekeeping), Musharakah (joint venture), Murabahah ( cost plus) and Ijarah (leasing). Islamic banking uses many approaches in operating the system, if someone would like to loan the buyer money for him to purchase the selected item he chooses, the bank might be the one to buy that item to the seller and re-sell it to him at a profit by allowing him to pay the bank in installments but before his loan will be approved, the bank would ask him to have his strict collateral for bank’s protection against default. The land or goods which are registered in his name from the start of the transaction are the possible collateral. However, if he has late payment, there will be no additional penalties. This kind of arrangement is known as Murabaha. Ijara wa Iqtina is another approach use by Islamic banking. It is just similar to real estate leasing. All Islamic banks have the same approaches when it comes to vehicle loans. They sell the vehicle at a higher rate than in the market price to the debtor and have his/her ownership of the vehicle until the loan is paid. Islamic banks also used several approaches in business deals. They lend money to the some companies by issuing floating rate interest loans. This floating rate of interest is pegged to the company’s individual rate of return. In other words, the bank’s profit on the loan has equal ratio to a certain percentage of the company’s profit. There will be profit-sharing arrangement if the principal amount of the loan is repaid. This kind of approach is called Musharaka. Another approach is the Mudaraba. It is a venture capital funding which the bank provides financing while a certain entrepreneur provides labor so that both risk and profit are commonly shared. This kind of arrangement reflects the Islamic view that the borrower must not only be the one to bear all the risk or cost of a failure. Islamic banking only finance the Islamic acceptable deals and it doesn’t involve in alcohol, pork, gambling and other form of businesses that are against in their beliefs. The only acceptable form of investment is the ethical investing and moral purchasing is encouraged. Recently, there are numerous Islamic banks opened in the Muslim world but they still have a very small share of the global banking system. Concepts in Islamic debt banking *Wadiah (Safekeeping) The bank is entrusted as a keeper and trustee of funds. An individual deposits fund in the bank and the bank will guarantee and assure refund of the entire amount of the deposit, or any amount of outstanding balance whenever the depositor demands or withdraws it. The depositor may be rewarded with ‘hibah’ also called as gift as a way of showing gratitude for the use of funds by the bank. The bank compensates depositors for the time-value of their money; an example of this is the interest but refers it as a â€Å"gift†. *Mudharabah (Profit Loss sharing) It is an agreement or arrangement between an entrepreneur and a capital provider which the entrepreneur can use funds for his/her business activity. The capital provider and the entrepreneur will share the profits according to an agreed ratio but if ever there are losses, only the capital provider will bear them. The profit-sharing continues until the loan is repaid. The bank will be compensated for the time value of its money through the form of floating interest rate which is pegged to the debtor’s profits. * Musharakah (Joint Venture) This kind of approach is usually applied for joint ventures and business partnerships. They share same profits according to their agreed ratio and divide incurred losses based on the equity participation ratio. This concept is different from fixed-income investing. *Murabahah (Cost Plus) This concept is referring to the sale of goods at a price, which include a profit margin agreed to by both parties. At the time of sale agreement, the purchase and selling price, the profit margin and other costs must be clearly stated. The bank will be compensated for the time value of its money in the form of the profit money. It is a fixed-income loan for the purchase of a real asset such as real estate or a vehicle having a fixed rate of interest. The bank cannot have an additional interest on late payments. The asset remains in the ownership of the bank unless it is fully paid. This kind of concept is also similar to â€Å"rent-to-own† arrangements for furniture or appliances that are very common in North American stores. * Bai’ Bithaman Ajil (Deferred Payment Sale) This concept is almost the same with Murabahah but the debtor in this concept makes only a single installment and will pay on the maturity date of the loan. It also refers to the sale of goods on a deferred payment basis at a price including the profit margin agreed to by both parties. *Wakalah (Agency) The concept happens when an individual appoints a representative to do the transactions on his/her behalf which is just similar to a power of attorney. *Qardhul Hassan (Benevolent Loan) Of all form of loans mentioned, only Qardhul Hassan has an excellent effect to the debtors because in this loan, the debtor is only required to repay the principal amount lent. However, the debtor may pay an extra amount (any amount that is in his heart) beyond the principal amount of the loan as a way of gratitude to the creditor. But this transaction is a true interest-free loan because there are debtors who do not give an extra amount to the creditor. For some Muslims, they consider this loan as the only type of loan that does not go against with the prohibition on riba which is a type of a loan that does not compensate the creditor for the value of money. *Ijarah Thumma Al Bai’ (Hire Purchase) In this concept of loan, there are two contracts involved. Ijarah contract is into leasing/renting and the other contract is called Bai’ contact which means to purchase. These two contracts are undertaken one after the other. An example of this is in a car financing facility. A customer enters in an Ijarah contract where he/she leases the car from the owner which is the bank at an agreed amount over a particular period of time. When his contract in Ijarah expires, the Bai’ contract comes into effect which enables the customer to purchase and own the car at an agreed price. With this, the bank sells the car to the customer at an above market-price profit in return for agreeing to receive the payment over a period of time. The profit margin is equal to the interest earned at fixed rate of return. * Bai’ al-Inah (Sell and Buy back Agreement) In Bai’ al-Inah, the financier sells product to the customer on a long-term payment basis and then the financier immediately repurchased the product for cash with a discount. This agreement permits the bank to assume the ownership over the product or asset in order to protect default without charging interest in late payments or insolvency. *Hibah (Gift) The debtor in this concept voluntarily gives a hibah (gift) as a token given to the creditor in return for a loan. This concept is practice when Islamic banks voluntarily pay their customers interest on their savings account balances. * Takaful (Islamic Insurance) This concept is not new for it had been practiced by the Muhajrin of Mecca and the Ansar of Medina following the hijra of the Prophet over 1400 years ago. Takaful is also an alternative form of cover which a Muslim can avail himself the risk of loss due to misfortunes. Nowadays, in the modern business world, one way to minimize the risk of loss due to unavoidable circumstances is through insurances. The idea behind insurance is the sharing of risk. This concept of insurance does not go against in Shariah concept where resources are accumulated to help those who are in need.